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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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Circular No. 24. 
5,000— Sept., 1915 



The University Matriculation Board 

Ontario 



JUNIOR MATRICULATION 

Pass, Honour, and Scholarship. 



Regulations and Courses of Study 



TORONTO : 
Printed and Published by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty 

1915. 






0> 



Printed by 

WILLIAM BRIGGS 

Corner Queen and John Streets 

Tobonto 



d. of d. 

1,0V 5 WIS 



UNIVERSITY JUNIOR MATRICULATION 

Creation and Powers of the University Matriculation Board 

1. — (1) As a result of a conference of representatives of the University 
of Toronto; Queen's University, Kingston; McMaster University, Toronto; 
and the Western University, London, held at the University of Toronto 
in December, 1908, the Senates of these Universities created "The Uni- 
versity Matriculation Board" to conduct and control their annual Matric- 
ulation examinations; said Board to be composed of eight members — ; 
four appointed by the Senate of the University of Toronto, two by the 
Senate of Queen's University, and one each by the Senates of McMaster 
and the Western Universities. The Board was organized on January 
27th, 1909. In accordance with the University Statutes creating the 
University Matriculation Board — (1) This Board appoints the examiners 
for the Junior Matriculation examinations, regulates the conduct of the 
examinations, considers the reports in connection therewith, and deter- 
mines the results; and (2) Under this Board the standards and the sub- 
jects of the examination papers for Pass and Honour Matriculation are 
determined by the Statutes and Begulations of the University of Toronto 
as adopted pursuant to the Annual Conference with the Universities of 
Ontario represented on the Board. 

(2) At the request of the Board, the Department of Education has 
agreed to provide the same machinery for holding the University Matric- 
ulation examinations as it employs for holding the Departmental exam- 
inations; but the responsibility for these examinations and the certificates 
issued devolves wholly on the ^University Matriculation Board and all 
communications requiring the attention of the Board should be addressed 
to the Secretary of the University Matriculation Board, Parliament Build- 
ings, Toronto. It is further agreed that, if at any time the Universities 
make such a change in the organization and management of their Matric- 
ulation examinations as will entail additional expenditure, the consent 
of the Minister of Education shall be obtained before such expenditure 
be made a charge on his Department. 

EEGULATIONS OF THE BOAED. 

2. — (1) The Board shall appoint an executive committee of not more 
than three members who shall, in the intervals between the meetings of 
the Board, perform such duties as may be assigned to them by the Board. 

(2) There shall be two classes of examiners, (a) Examiners-in-chief, 
who shall set the question papers and read the scholarship and appeal 
answer papers, and (&) Associate Examiners, who shall read the other 
answer papers. 

(3) The Board shall appoint as Examiners-in-chief persons of well- 
known ability as teachers in either a University or a High School. No 
Examiner-in-chief shall be engaged in the preparation of candidates for 
the examinations concerned. 

3 



(4) The Board shall appoint as Associate Examiners persons holding 
specialists' certificates according to the regulations of the Department of 
Education, or graduates of any British University. Such persons shall 
be actually engaged in teaching the subject which they are appointed to 
examine, and shall have had at least two years' successful experience as 
teachers in this Province. 

(5) No Examiner or Associate Examiner shall be appointed for more 
than three consecutive years, except in the case of an examiner who has 
exceptional ability for the work and in order to secure the requisite degree 
of experience in each section. 

(6) The number of Examiners-in-chief and Associate Examiners, from 
year to year, for each examination shall be determined by the Board. 

(7) The Examiners-in-chief shall act as a Board, subject to the pro- 
visions of Instructions No. 7, and shall be jointly responsible for each 
and every question paper. 

(8) The Registrar of the Department of Education shall be Secretary 
of the University Matriculation Board and Chairman of the Board of 
Examiners-in-chief and of any committee thereof, and shall perform the 
duties set forth in Departmental Circular, Instructions No. 7. 

(9) The Board shall appoint a Bevising Committee, to consist of not 
more than three of the Examiners-in-chief, who shall consider the marks 
obtained by the candidates, make allowances where necessary, determine 
the results, and report their findings to the Board. 

(10) The Board shall print and distribute circulars defining the 
Course of Study and Regulations governing Pass and Honour Matricula- 
tion as authorized by the Senate of the University of Toronto and agreed 
to by the Universities represented on this Board. 

(11) If, after all the answer papers have been read, any examination 
paper should be adjudged by the Board to be easier or more difficult than 
required, the minimum on the paper shall be correspondingly increased 
or diminished. 

(12) In connection with the Pass Junior Matriculation examination 
a report signed by all the members of the staff of the school concerned 
as to the standing of their candidates will be taken into account in deter- 
mining the results. Only the names of the candidates who, in the opinion 
of the staff, have completed satisfactorily the courses for the examination 
shall be included in this report. Such a report must be received at the 
office of the Secretary not later than the first day of the examination to 
which the report refers. 

(13) A candidate who makes the required aggregate, but who fails 
to obtain the minimum in a subject, may be passed at the discretion of 
the Board, provided he was reported by the staff of the school as com- 
petent and such report is found to be satisfactory. 

(14) Uniform certificates of Pass Junior Matriculation, signed by the 
Secretary, shall be issued by the Board to successful candidates. These 
certificates will be accepted by each of the Universities represented on 
the Board in accordance with the regulations set forth in their respective 
calendars. 



(15) Any candidate may have his papers re-examined on appeal to 
the Secretary of the Board not later than September 1st. Each appellant 
shall be charged a fee of $2.00, which shall be refunded if the appeal 
is sustained. No appeal, however, against scholarship awards shall be 
entertained. 

(16) Each appeal answer paper shall be read by the Examiner-in- 
chief who set the paper or by a substitute appointed by the Matriculation 
Board. 

REGULATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITIES. 

Subjects. 

3. — (1) The subjects of Junior Matriculation are as follows: — Latin, 
English, History, Mathematics, and any two of the following: Greek, 
German, French, Experimental Science. 

(2) Pass and honour papers will be set in each of these subjects. 

(3) In certain cases foreign students may present themselves for ex- 
amination in their native language instead of Greek, or German, or French, 
but only when the language has been approved by the Senate of the 
University concerned. The examination in an approved language will 
consist of two papers, similar in character to those in English. 

(4) Each examination paper shall be valued at 100 mark?. 
The pass papers are as follows: 

Latin Authors Greek Authors 

Latin Composition Greek Accidence 

English Literature German Authors 

English Composition German Composition 

British and Canadian History .... French Authors 

Greek and Roman History French Composition 

Algebra Experimental Science — Physics . . . 

Geometry Experimental Science — Chemistry . 

Standards. 

4. — (1) The pass standard is forty per cent, of the marks assigned 
to each paper with an average of sixty per cent. 

(2) ] (a) A candidate who has obtained the average of sixty per cent, 
on all the papers, but has failed to obtain forty per cent, in at most three 
of these papers, may complete Junior Matriculation by passing on these 
papers at any one subsequent examination. 

(6) A candidate who has obtained 40 per cent, on each of at least 
eight papers, with an average of 60 per cent, on the same, will be credited 
with these papers. In order to complete his Matriculation he must obtain 
at one subsequent examination, 40 per cent, on each of the remaining 
papers, with an average of 60 per cent. 



6 

(3) A candidate who has obtained partial Matriculation standing under 
the Eegulations in force in a previous year may present himself for 
examination on the papers necessary to complete his Matriculation. 

(4) Other candidates may be admitted to the examination for the 
purpose of qualifying for a standing other than that of Matriculation. 

(5) 1 Candidates who pass the complete examination for Matriculation 
in any one year will be granted certificates of Pass Junior Matriculation. 
All other candidates will receive statements of their standing. 

(6) The First Class Honour standard is 75 per cent.; the Second 
Class,, 66 per cent.; and the Third Class, 50 per cent, of the marks 
assigned to the subject. In addition to percentage in the subject a 
standard of 40 per cent, on each paper is also required. 

SUBSTITUTION OF HONOUR MATRICULATION AND 
FACULTY ENTRANCE FOR PASS MATRICULATION 

PAPERS: 

5. — (1) A candidate for Pass Matriculation standing at one examina- 
tion may substitute one or more papers of the Honour Matriculation 
or the Faculty Entrance examinations for the corresponding Pass papers on 
the following conditions : — 

(a) He shall obtain a minimum of 30 per cent, on each of such 
papers and an aggregate over all, equal to an - average of 40 per cent, on 
the Honour Matriculation or the Faculty Entrance papers, together with 
an average of 60 per cent, on the Pass Matriculation papers. 

(&)' He shall on each of the Pass papers obtain the prescribed mini- 
mum of 40 per cent. 

(c) Credit will not be given for less than eight papers. 

(d) The papers in History for Honour Matriculation or Faculty 
Entrance, known as "History, First Course and History, Second Course," 
are, for purposes of substitution, held to cover the papers in Ancient 
History, and British and Canadian History respectively. 

(2) A candidate for Pass Matriculation standing under these Regula- 
tions must make special application therefor to the Secretary of the 
University Matriculation Board. 

MATRICULATION INTO. OTHER FACULTIES. 

6. Information as to the subjects and standards for Matriculation 
into faculties other than Arts may be obtained on application to the 
Registrar of the University concerned. 

JUNE EXAMINATIONS. 

7.— (1) Written examinations, as denned above, for Pass and Honour 
Junior Matriculation will be held by the University Matriculation Board, 
annually in June, subject to the conditions already stated, at each High 
School and Collegiate Institute, and at such other centres as may ' be 



approved by the Minister of Education. If application is made to the 
University Senate the examination may, with the co-operation of the 
Minister of Education, be held at centres outside of Ontario. 

(2) Candidates intending to write at any of these examinations at 
a University shall make application to the Eegistrar thereof before the 
15th of May on an official form to be obtained from him. All other 
candidates shall make application before the same date to the local Public 
School Inspector, from whom the official form may be obtained. 

(3) Scholarship candidates must also send a special application by 
the same date to the Eegistrar of the University concerned according to 
a form to be obtained from him. 

(4) The official form of application shall include a certificate from 
the Principal of the School from which the candidate comes, or other- 
wise, that he has read carefully during the preceding year at least four 
suitable works in English Literature (both prose and poetry), in addition 
to those prescribed for the examination. 

(5) (a) On application, accompanied by the additional fee prescribed 
($3.00) candidates for the full Middle School Normal Entrance examina- 
tion may have their marks considered for Matriculation purposes. 

(b) Except as stated in (a) above, Middle School Normal Entrance 
papers will not be considered for Matriculation purposes. 

SEPTEMBER SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMINATION. 

8. — (1) The Supplemental Pass Junior Matriculation examination 
is conducted in September by the University Matriculation Board at 
the following centres: — 

(a) The University of Toronto; Queen's University, Kingston; Mc- 
Master University, Toronto; Western University, London. 

(6) Any of the following, upon request: — Windsor, Chatham, Sarnia, 
St. Thomas, Woodstock, Brantford, Simcoe, Cayuga, Welland, St. 
Catharines, Hamilton, Goderich, Stratford, Berlin, Guelph, Walkerton, 
Owen Sound, Orangeville, Barrie, Whitby, Bowmanville, Cobourg, Lind- 
say, Peterborough, Belleville, Picton, Napanee, Brockville, Kemptville, 
Morrisburg, Cornwall, Alexandria, Vankleek Hill, Ottawa, Smith's Ealls > 
Renfrew, Bracebridge, North Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Port Arthur, Hailey- 
bury. 

(c) Elsewhere in Ontario, upon request, and if approved by the Uni- 
versity Matriculation Board. 

(d) Elsewhere in Canada upon request of one of the aforesaid Uni- 
versities and with the approval of the Board. 

(2) Applications to write on the examination, accompanied by the 
necessary fee, shall be received at the office of the Secretary of the Board 
as follows: — 

(a) Up to September 1st, from those who wish to write at any centre 
authorized in Ontario. 

(b) Up to August 25th, from those who wish to write elsewhere in 
Ontario. 



8 

(c) Up to August 1st, from those who, through one of the aforesaid 
Universities, make application to write outside of the Province of Ontario. 

(3) On payment of the required fee, with one dollar additional, a 
candidate who has failed to make application as specified in the fore- 
going regulation (2) may be admitted to the examination at a centre 
already established, provided the accommodation is adequate and the 
number of question papers sufficient. 

(4) The subjects of the examination, the prescription of work and 
the standard required shall be the same as for the June Pass Junior 
Matriculation examination of the same year. 

(5) The following are eligible to become candidates at this exam- 
ination : — 

(a) Those who are applicants for the complete Matriculation exam- 
ination. 

(6) Those who are completing the Matriculation examination under 
the regulations in force in any previous year. 

(c) Those who are applicants for Matriculation standing in certain 
papers. 

(6) (a) Candidates may write at any one of the four University 
centres mentioned in (1) (a) without any additional cost to themselves. 

(6) Candidates who write at any other centre, in addition to pay- 
ing the fee required in Section 10, must also defray the local expenses 
of conducting the examination. These include the cost of supplies, any 
charge for the examination room, express charges, and the allowance 
to the Presiding Officer at $5 per day. 

(7) Forms of application and copies of the time-table may be ob- 
tained, after July 1st, on application to the Secretary of the Board. 



SPECIAL MATRICULATION CONDITIONS. 

f 
9. — (1) A candidate who is actually engaged in a mercantile, indus- 
trial or other occupation may proceed to pass Junior Matriculation under 
the following conditions : 

(a) He may present himself for one or more subjects at any June of 
September examination. 

(b) At any such examination he will receive credit for a subject or 
subjects on obtaining forty per cent, in each paper and an aggregate of 
sixty per cent, of the total marks assigned to such subject or subjects. 
There are two papers given in each subject. 

(c) Matriculation must be completed under these conditions within 
four consecutive years. 

(2) In order to secure credit for the subject or subjects written, a 
candidate who desires to matriculate under these regulations must, im- 
mediately on receipt of his statement of marks, return the same to the 
Secretary of the Board, accompanied by a certificate from his employer to 
the following effect: — 



..., 191.. 

I, t-.-i , do hereby certify that 

was in my employ from . . . . , .to. , . . 

in the capacity of ...*.. . ., and that 

this employment made it impossible for him to attend the regular day 
sessions of a secondary school. 

My business is that of 

located at 

(Give business address in full.) 



(Signature in full.) 

To the Secretary of the 

University Matriculation Board, Parliament Buildings. 

(3) Exceptional cases, for which provision is not made under these 
regulations, will be determined, as they arise, by the University Matricu- 
lation Board. 

FEES. 

10. The following are the fees : — 

(1) June examinations. 

(a) Junior Matriculation $8 00 

(b) Matriculation standing ) Not more than four papers. . . 3 00 
in certain papers J More than four papers 8 00 

(c) Honour Matriculation ) Not more than four papers. ... 5 00 
in certain papers j More than four papers 10 00 

(d) Scholarship Matriculation 10 00 

(2) September Supplemental examination. 

Fee per paper, $2.00, maximum fee 10 00 

(3) Appeal fee 2 00 

(4) Duplicate of lost certificate 2 00 

(5) Certificate of complete Matriculation on the results of ex- 
aminations taken in different years 5 00 

PEESCEIPTION OF WOEK. 
For Pass. 

Greek. 

Translation into English of passages from the prescribed texts, with 
questions thereon. 

Translation at sight of simple narrative passages similar to the Xeno- 
phon prescribed. 

Questions on Greek accidence and on the common rules of Greek syntax 
to test the candidate's accuracy and comprehension in such matters as are 
needful for the intelligent reading of his texts. 



10 

The following are the prescribed texts : — 

1916 and 1918 : Xenophon, Philpotts and Jerram, Easy Selections from 
Xenophon, chaps 3, 4, 5; Homer Iliad, VI., 66-118 and 237 to the end. 
• 1917: Xenophon, Philpotts and Jerram, Easy Selections from Xeno- 
phon, chaps. 3, 4, and 5 ; Homer, Iliad, I., 1 350. 

Two papers will be set: (1) Prescribed texts; (2) t translation at sight, 
accidence and syntax, 

Latin. 

Translation at sight of passages of average difficulty from Csesar, upon 
which special stress will be laid. 

Translation, with questions, from a prescribed portion of Virgil's 
iEneid. 

The marks assigned for the translation from prescribed authors shall 
not be more than twenty-five per cent, of the total marks assigned to the 
Latin papers. 

Questions on Latin accidence. 

Translation into Latin of English sentences involving a knowledge of 
the following principles of Latin syntax : The common uses of the cases ; 
the accusative with the infinitive; the subjunctive in simple sentences; 
final and result clauses; the law of the sequence of tenses; the indirect 
question; verbs of fearing, doubting and hindering; the use of the parti- 
ciple, gerund and gerundive, active and passive periphrastic; indirect dis- 
course; and the common forms of the conditional sentence. 

The vocabulary will be taken from the prescribed portion of Caesar and 
special stress will be laid upon this part of the examination. 

Examination upon a short prescribed portion of Csesar to test the 
candidate's knowledge of Latin syntax, and the power of idiomatic trans- 
lation. 

The following are the texts prescribed: — 

.1916 and 1917: Caesar, De Bello Gallico, Book IV., chaps. 20-38, and 
Book V., chaps. 1-23; Virgil, ^Eneid, Book it, vv. 1-505. 

1918: Caesar, Book IV., chaps. 20-38, and Book V, chaps. 1-23; Virgil, 
^Eneid, Book I., vv. 1-510. 

Two papers will be set: (1) Translation at sight, Virgil, and accidence. 
(2) Translation into Latin, syntax and idiomatic translation from pres- 
cribed Caesar, etc. 

English. 

Composition : An essay on one of several themes set by the examiners. 
In order to pass in this subject, legible writing, correct spelling and 
punctuation, and idiomatic and grammatical construction of sentences are 
indispensable. The candidate should also give attention to the structure 
of the whole essay, the effective ordering of the thought, and the active 
employment of a good English vocabulary. About two pages of foolscap 
is suggested as the proper length for the essay ; but quality, not quantity, 
wi]l be mainly regarded. 



11 

One examination paper. 

Literature: Such questions only will be set as may serve to test the 
candidate's familiarity with, and intelligent and appreciative comprehension 
of, the prescribed texts. The candidate will be expected to have memorized 
the passages prescribed below. In addition to the questions on the pres- 
cribed selections others will be set on a " sight passage " to test the 
candidate's ability to interpret literature for himself. 

The candidate shall produce satisfactory proof, by the certificate of the 
principal of the school from which he comes or otherwise that he has read 
carefully, during the preceding year, at least four suitable works in English 
literature (both prose and poetry) in addition to those prescribed below 
for examination. 

One examination paper. 

1916: Coleridge: The Ancient Mariner; Tennyson: Lotos Eaters, 
Ulysses, "Of old sat Freedom," Locksiey Hall, Songs from The Princess, 
Ode on the Duke of Wellington, Charge of the Light Brigade, Enoch 
Arden ; Shakespeare ; Julius Caesar. 



Selections for Memorization. 



Coleridge : The Ancient Mariner, 11. 354-372, " Around . . . singeth 
a quiet tune"; 11. 599-617, " wedding guest . . . loveth all. 5 



?; 



Tennyson: The Lotos Eaters, 11. 10-28; Stanzas I, II, III, V, of the 
•Choric Song; UJysses, 11. 18-32 and 11. -44-61; " Of old sat Freedom"; 
" Sweet and low"; ''Tears, idle tears"; The Charge of the Light Brigade. 

Shakespeare : Julius Caesar. 
Act I, Sc. 1, Jl. 40-60. " you hard hearts ... on this in- 
gratitude." 
Act I, Sc. 2, 11. 198-212. " Would he were fatter . . . I am 'Caesar." 
Act III, Sc. 1, 11. 148-163. " mighty Caesar . . . spirits of this 

age." 
Act III, Sc. 2, 11. 173-196. "If you have tears . . . nourished over 

us." 
Act III, Sc. 2, 11. 213-234. "Good friends ... to rise and mutiny,** 
Act IV, Sc. 2, 11. 19-27. "Thou hast described 7 . . . in the trial." 
Act V, Sc. 5, 11. 198-212. " This was the noblest . . . was a man." 

1917: Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott, St. Agnes' Eve, "Come not 
when I am dead," "Break, break, break," In the Valley of Cauteretz, In 
Memoriam, XXXI, XXXII, XXXVI, LXXV, LXXVI, C, CXI; Brown- 
ing: "All service ranks the same with God," Count Gismod, The Italian 
in England, My Last Duchess, Cavalier Tunes, The Boy and the Angel, 
Love among the Buins, Home Thoughts from Abroad, Up at a Villa, The 
Guardian Angel, Prospice; Matthew Arnold'; Sohrab and Rustum; Shakes- 
peare, Macbeth. 



12 

Selections eob Memorization". 

. Tennyson : The Lady of Shalott, Part I, St. Agnes' Eve, " Break, 
break, break", In the Valley of Cauteretz. 

Browning : " All service ranks the same with God ", Home Thoughts 
from Abroad, Prospice; Love Among the Bums. 

Macbeth. 

Act I, Sc. 5, 11. 16-31. Lady M. " Glamis thou art . : . crown'd 
withal." ' 

Act I, Sc. 7, 11. 1-28. Macb. "If it were done ... on the other." 
Act II, Sc. 1, 11. 33-64. Macb. " Is this a dagger ... to hell." 
Act III, Sc. 2, 11. 4-26. Lady M. "Nought's had . . . him further." 
Act III, Sc. 2, 11. 45-56. Macb. "Be innocent ... go with me." 
Act Y, Sc. 3, 11. 22-28. Macb. " I have lived . . . dare not." 
Act Y, Sc. 3, 11. 39-45. Macb. " Cure her . . . the heart?" 
Act y, Sc. 5, ]]. 16-28. Bey. "The Queen . . . signifying nothing." 

German. 

The candidates knowledge of German will be tested by: (1) simple 
questions on grammar; (2) the translation of simple passages from English 
into German; (3) translation at sight of easy passages from modern 
German, and (4) an examination on the following texts: — 

The texts contained in the New High School German Reader with the 
exception of Von Fallensleben, Deutchland uber Alles.. 
, . 1916: Seidel, Aus goldenen Tagen, edited by W. Bernhardt. 

1917: Baumbach, Waldnovellen. 
- .1918: Haurr, Daskalte Herz. 

Two papers will be set: (1) Prescribed texts and translation at sight; 
questions on grammar; (2) the translation of English into German. 

French. 

,.. ! The candidate's knowledge of French will be tested by: (1) simple 
questions on grammar; (2) the translation of simple passages from 
^English into French; (3) translation at sight of easy passages from Modern 
French, and (4) an examination on the following texts: — 

The texts contained in the New High School French Eeader. 
1916: Dandet, La Petit Chase a l'Ecole (Blackie's Longer French 
Texts). , 

1917: Labi'che, Le Voyage de Monsieur Perrichon.. 
,1918: Daudet, La belle Nrvernaise. 

Ji TWo papers will be set: (1) Prescribed texts and translation at sight; 
questions on grammar; (2) the translation of English into French. 



13 

History. 

British History.— Great Britain and Canada from 1763 to 1885. 
The geography relating to the history prescribed. One examination paper. 

This paper will include optional questions on the causes of the present 
war, the interests at stake, and the relations of the different nations 
directly and indirectly concerned. 

Ancient History.— General outlines of the History of Greece to the 
death of Alexander and of the history of Eome to the death of Augustus, 
with a brief outline of the art, literature, philosophy, and social life of 
the Greeks and Bomans. 

The geography relating to the history prescribed. 

One examination paper. 

Mathematics. 

Algebra. — Elementary rules; highest common measure; lowest com- 
mon multiple; fractions; square root; simple equations of one, two and 
three unknown quantities; indices; surds; quadratics of one and two un- 
known quantities. 

One examination paper. 

Geometry. — A. — Constructions. 

To construct a triangle with sides of given lengths. 

To construct an angle equal to a given rectilineal angle. 

To bisect a given angle. 

To bisect a given straight line. 

To draw a line perpendicular to a given line from a given point in it. 

To draw a line perpendicular to a given line from a given point not 
in the line. ' 

Locus of a point equidistant from two given lines. 

Locus of a point equidistant from two given points. 

To draw a line parallel to another, through a given point. 

To divide a given line into any number of equal parts. 

To describe a parallelogram equal to a given triangle, and having an 
angle equal to a given angle. 

To describe a parallelogram equal to a given rectilineal figure, and 
having an angle equal to a given angle. 

On a given straight line to describe a parallelogram equal to a given 
triangle, and having an angle equal to a given angle. 

To find, the centre of a given circle. 

From a given point to draw a tangent to a given circle. 

On a given straight line to construct a segment of a circle containing 
an angle equal to a given angle. 

From a given circle to cut off a segment containing an angle equal to 
a given angle. 

In a circle to inscribe a triangle equiangular to a given triangle. 

To find locus of centres of circles touching two given lines. 



14 

To inscribe a circle in a given triangle. 

To describe a circle touching three given straight lines. 

To describe a circle about a given triangle. 

About a given circle to describe a triangle equiangular to a given 
triangle. 

To divide a given line similarly to another given divided line. 

To find the fourth proportional to three given lines. 

To describe a polygon similar to a given polygon, and with the cor- 
responding sides in a given ratio. 

To find the mean proportional between two given straight lines. 

To construct a polygon similar to a given polygon, and such that 
their areas are in a given ratio. 

To describe a polygon of a given shape and size. 

B. — Theorems. 

The sum of the angles of any triangle is equal to two right angles. 
The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal, with converse. 
If the three sides of one triangle be equal, respectively, to the three 
sides of another, the triangles are equal in all respects. 

If two sides and the included angle of one triangle be equal to two 
sides and the included angle of another triangle, the triangles are equal 
in all respects. 

If two angles and one side of a triangle be equal to two angles and 
the corresponding side of another, the triangles are equal in all respects. 
If two sides and an angle opposite one of these sides be equal, res- 
pectively, in two triangles, the angles opposite the other pair of equal 
sides are either equal or supplemental. 

The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is four right angles. 
The greater side of any triangle has the greater angle opposite it. 
- . The greater angle of any triangle has the greater side opposite it. 

If two sides of one triangle be equal respectively to two sides of 
another, that with the greater contained angle has the greater base, with 
converse. 

If a transversal fall on two parallel lines, relations between angles 
formed, with converse. . • 

Lines which join equal and parallel lines towards the same parts are 
themselves equal and parallel. 

The opposite sides and angles of a parallelogram are equal and the 
diagonal bisects it. • . i ' 

Parallelograms on the same base, or on equal bases, and between the 
same parallels are equal. 

Triangles on the same base, or on equal bases, and between the 
same parallels are equal. 

Triangles equal in area, and on the same base, are between the same 
parallels. . . „ ■ 

If a parallelogram and a triangle be on the same base, and between 
the same parallels, the parallelogram is double the triangle. 



15 

Expressions for area of parallelogram, and the area of a triangle. 

The complements of parallelograms about the diagonal of any paral- 
lelogram are equal. 

The square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to 
the sum of the squares on the sides. 

If a straight line be divided into any two parts, the sum of the squares 
on the parts, together with twice the rectangle contained by the parts, is 
equal to the square on the whole line. 

The square on a side of any triangle is equal to the sum of the 
squares on the two other sides + twice the rectangle contained by either 
of these sides and the projection of the other side on it. 

If more than two equal straight lines can be drawn from the circum- 
ference of a circle to a point within it, that point is the centre. 

The diameter is the greatest chord in a circle, and a chord nearer 
the centre is greater than one more remote. Also the greater chord is 
nearer the centre than the less. 

The angle at the centre of a circle is double the angle at the cir- 
cumference on the same arc. 

The angles in the same segment of a circle are equal, with converse. 

The opposite angles of a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle are to- 
gether equal to two right angles, with converse. 

The angle in a semicircle is a right angle; in a segment greater than 
a semicircle less than a right angle; in a segment less than a semicircle 
greater than a right angle. 

A tangent is perpendicular to the radius to the point of contact; only 
one tangent can be drawn at a given point ; the perpendicular to the 
tangent at the point of contact passes through the centre ; the perpendicular 
from centre on tangent passes through the point of contact. 

If two circles touch, the line joining the centres passes through the 
point of contact. 

The angles which a chord drawn from the point of contact makes with 
the tangent, are equal to the angles in the alternate segments. 

The rectangles under the segments of intersecting chords are equal. 

If OA.OB=OC 2 , OC is a tangent to the circle through A, B and C. 

Triangles of the same altitude are as their bases. 

A line parallel to the base of a triangle divides the sides proportionally, 
with converse. 

If a vertical angle of a triangle be bisected, the bisector divides the 
base into segments that are as the sides, with converse. 

The analogous proposition when the exterior angle at the vertex is 
bisected, with converse. 

If two triangles are equiangular, the sides are proportional. 

If the sides of two triangles are proportional, the triangles are equi- 
angular. 

If the sides of two triangles about equal angles are proportional, the 
triangles are equiangular. 

If two triangles have an angle in each equal, and the sides about 
two other angles proportional, the.- remaining angles are equal or sup- 
plemental. 



16 

Similar triangles are as the squares on corresponding sides. 
The perpendicular from the right angle of a right-angled triangle 
on the hypotenuse divides the triangle into two which are similar to 
the original triangle. 

In equal circles, angles, whether at the centres or circumferences, are 
proportional to the arcs on which they stand. 

The areas of two similar polygons are as the squares on corresponding 
sides. 

If three lines be proportional, the first is to the third as the figure 
on the first to a similar figure on the second. 

Questions and easy deductions on the preceding constructions and 
theorems. 

It is recommended that the study of formal demonstrative Geometry 
be preceded by a course in Practical Geometry, extending over not more 
than a year, and embracing the following: — 

Definitions; fundamental geometric conceptions and principles; use 
of simple instruments, as compasses, protractor, graduated rule, etc.; 
measurement of lines and angles, and construction of lines and angles 
of given numerical magnitude; accurate construction of figures; some 
leading propositions in plane geometry reached by induction as a result 
of accurate construction of figures; deduction also employed as prin- 
ciples are reached and assured. At the examination questions may be 
given in Practical Geometry, the constructions being such as naturally 
spring from the prescribed course. Candidates must provide themselves 
with a graduated ruler, compasses, set-square and protractor. 

In the formal deductive Geometry modifications of Euclid's treat- 
ment of the subject will be allowed, though not required, as follows : — 
The employment of the "hypothetical construction." 
The free employment of the method of superposition, including the 
rotation of figures about an axis, or about a point in a plane. 
A modification of Euclid's parallel postulate. 

A treatment of ratio and proportion restricted to the case in which 
the compared magnitudes are commensurable. 
One examination paper. 

Experimental Science. 

Chemistry. — An experimental study of the following elements and 
their more important compounds : hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, sodium, 
potassium, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, carbon, calcium. The course 
of work should be arranged so as to give the pupils a knowledge of 
the following: mixtures, solutions, compounds, and elements, and their 
various properties and reactions; acids, bases, and salts. Fundamental 
laws and principles, as : conservation of mass, definite proportions, multiple 
proportions, valency, proportions by volume in which gases react. The 
quantitative meaning and use of chemical symbols^ formulae and equa- 
tions. Chemical nomenclature. Simple quantitative experiments and 
problems. The application of chemistry to the industries illustrated by 



17 

an account of the commercial manufacture ansd use of some of the more 
important substances included in this course. 
One examination paper. 

Physics. 

An experimental course denned as follows, and including simple 
problems : 

Electricity and Magnetism. — Laws of magnetic attraction and repul- 
sion; magnetic lines of force; phenomena of induction; inclination and 
declination of the compass. Production and detection of electricity. 
Electrical conductors and insulators; electroscopes and their construction; 
electrical conduction through air ; radioactivity illustrated by means of 
uranium and thorium salts. Electrical conduction in liquids ; electrolysis ; 
electroplating and electrotyping. Voltameters, storage and voltaic cells; 
simple notions of potential; Ohm's Law; electrical units; galvanometers 
and voltmeters; laws of resistance; divided circuits, experimental deter- 
mination of current strength, resistance, and electromotive force; current 
induction and its general laws; the transformer, the induction coil, 
dynamo, telephone, motor; ether waves, Eoentgen rays, and wireless 
telegraphy. 

Heat. — Nature and sources of heat. Relation between volume and 
the temperature of a gas (Charles' Law). Absolute temperature. Change 
of state. Latent heat; specific heat; transmission of heat. 

Sound. — Vibrations: transversal vibrations, illustrated with pendu- 
lums, rods, strings, membranes, plates ; longitudinal vibrations illustrated 
with rods, strings and columns of air. Production, propagation, and 
detection of sound waves. Velocity of sound, pitch; standard forks 
(acoustical C=512, musical A— 870). Vibration of air in organ pipes; 
nodes and loops in vibrating air columns and in vibrating strings; wave 
lengths and velocity relations. Laws of vibration of strings; interference 
phenomena; beats, resonance, reflection and absorption of sound. 

Light. — The ether, the wave theory of light, rectilinear propagation, 
image through a pin-hole, beam, pencil; photometry; shadow and grease 
fpot photometers. Reflection and scattering of light; laws of reflection, 
images in plane mirrors, concave and convex mirrors; drawing images, 
Refraction, laws, and index of refraction. Total reflection. Path through 
a prism. Lenses; drawing image produced by a lens by use of critical 
rays. Simple microscope. Dispersion and colour. Spectrum ; recom- 
position of light. Camera. 

One examination paper. 



18 
For Honours. 

Greek. 

Translation into English of passages from the prescribed texts, with 
questions thereon. 

Translation at sight of prose passages of average difficulty from 
Xenophon's historical works. 

Translation into Greek of sentences (based upon Xenophon's vocab- 
ulary) to test the candidate's scholarship in matters of accidence, syntax 
and phraseology. 

The following are the prescribed texts : — 

1916, 1917, 1918: Xenophon, Hellenica (Philpotts^ Selections, sections 

1. and II.), Homer, Iliad I., 1-350; III., 121-244; VI., 66-118, and :J37 to 
the end; Odyssey VI. and IX. 

Two papers will be set: (1) prescribed texts; (2) translation at sight 
and Greek prose composition. 

Latin. 

Translation into English of passages from prescribed texts. 

Translation at sight of passages of average difficulty from Caesar. 

Grammatical questions on the passages from prescribed texts and such 
other questions as. arise naturally from the context. 

Translation into Latin of English sentences to illustrate Latin syntax 
and continuous passages of English, based on Caesar. 

The following are the prescribed texts : — 

Caesar, De Bello Gallico, Book I.; Horace, Odes, Book L, 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 
14, 22, 24, 31, 34, 35, 38; Book II., 3, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18; Book III., 1, 

2, 3, 4, 5, 13,-21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30; Book IV., 2, 4, 5, 7, 15. 

1916 and 1917: Virgil, ^Eneid, Book L, vv. 1-510, or Book IL, vv. 
1-505; Cicero, Pro Lege Manilia. 

1918: Virgil, ^Eneid, Book I., vv. 1-510, or Book IL, vv. 1-505; Cicero, 
In Catilinam I. and III. 

Two examination papers: (1) Latin prose; (2) authors and sight 
translation. 

English. 

Composition" : An essay of one of several themes set by the examiners. 

One examination paper. 

Literature: The candidate will be expected to have memorized the 
passages prescribed below. Besides questions to test the candidate's famil- 
iarity with, and comprehension of, the following selections, questions may 
also be set to determine within reasonable limits his power of appreciating 
literary art. 



19 

The candidate shall produce satisfactory proof by the certificate of the 
principal of the school from which he comes or otherwise that he has read 
carefully, during the preceding year, at least four suitable works in English 
literature (both prose and poetry) in addition to those prescribed' below 
for examination. 

One examination paper. 

1916: Coleridge, The Ancient Mariner; Tennyson, Lotos Eaters, 
Ulysses, " Of old sat Freedom," Locksley Hall, Songs from the Princess, 
Ode on the Duke of Wellington, Charge of the Light Brigade, Enoch 
Arden; Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Midsummer Night's Dream. 

Selections for Memorization. 
As for Pass Matriculation. See page 11. 

1917: Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott, St. Agnes' Eve, "Come not 
when I am dead," "Break, break, break," In the Valley of Cauteretz, 
In Memoriam, XXXI, XXXII, XXXVI, LXXV, LXXVI, C, CXI; 

Browning : " All service ranks the same with God," My Last Duchess, 
Count Gismod, The Italian in England, Cavalier Tunes, The Boy and the 
Angel, Love among the Euins, Home Thoughts from Abroad, Up at a 
Villa, The Guardian Angel, Prospice; Matthew Arnold: Sohrab and 
Eustum; Shakespeare, Macbeth, As You Like It. 

Selections eor Memorization. 

Tennyson and Browning : As for Pass Matriculation, omitting " The 
Lady of Shalott, Part I," and " Love Among the Euins." See page 12. 
Macbeth : As for Pass Matriculation. 

As You Like It. 

Act II, Sc. 1, 11. 1-18. Duke S. "Now, my co-mates . . . change 
it." 

Act. II, Sc. 5 The Songs. 

Act II, Sc. 7, 11. 12-34. Jaq. "A fool ! . . . only ear." 

Act II, Sc. 7, 11. 139-166. Jaq. "All the world's . . . sans 
everything." 

Act II, Sc. 7, 11. 174-190. Amiens. The Song. 

German. 

The prescription of work in grammar, the translation of English into 
German and sight translation, is the same for honours as for pass, but the 
examination will be of a more advanced character. 

The following are the prescribed texts: — 

1916: Isolde Kurz, Die Humanisten; Fulda, Unter vier Augen; Ger- 
man Poems, edited by Burkhard (Henry Holt and Co.). 

1917: Moser, Der Bibliothekar ; Heyse, L'Arrabbiata. 

1918: Baumbach, Der Schweigersohn ; Benedix, Eigensinn. 



20 
French. 

The prescription of work in grammar, the translation of English into 
French and sight translation, is the same for honours as for pass, but the 
examination will be of a more advanced character. 

The following are the prescribed texts: — 

1916: About, Le Eoi des Montagnes, and Thuriet, I/Abbe Daniel 
(Blackie's Longer French Texts). 

1917: Malot, Eemi en Angleterre (Pitt Press). 

1918 : Brckmann-Chatrain, Madam Therese. 

History. 

Outline of Mediaeval History from the Barbarian Invasion to the Dis- 
covery of America. Study in greater detail of the period from the Dis- 
covery of America to the death of Queen Elizabeth, 1492-1603. The 
geography relating to the history prescribed. One examination paper. 

Outlines of Modern History from the death of Queen Elizabeth to the 
Treaty of Paris, 1603-1763. Study of Modern History in detail, 1763- 
1885. The geography relating to the history prescribed. One exam- 
ination paper. 

These papers will include optional questions on the causes of the 
present war, the interests at stake, and the relations of the different nations 
directly or indirectly concerned. 

Mathematics. 

Note. — Candidates at the examinations in Honour Mathematics will toe 
expected to be able to use Logarithmic and Trigonometric tables. Books of 
tables shall be provided for the examinations, one for each candidate, either 
by the school concerned or by the candidates. 

Algebra: Elementary rules; highest common measure; lowest com- 
mon multiple; fractions; square root; simple equations of one, two, and 
three unknown quantities; indices, surds, quadratics of one and two un- 
known quantities ; theory of divisors ; ratio, proportion and variation ; pro- 
gressions; notation; permutations and combinations; binomial theorem; 
interest forms; annuities. 

One examination paper. 

Trigonometry. — Trigonometrical ratios with their relations to each 
other; sines, etc., of the sum and difference of angles with deduced 
formulas; use of logarithms; solution of triangles; expressions for the 
area of triangles; radii of circumscribed, inscribed and escribed circles. 

One examination paper. 

Problems: One paper.— — For scholarship candidates only. 

Geometry: A. — Exercises on the course prescribed for the pass ex- 
amination with special reference to the following topics: — loci; maxima 
and minima; the system of inscribed, escribed and circumscribed circles 
of a triangle, with metrical relations; radical axis. 



21 

B. — The following additional propositions in Synthetic Geometry, with 
exerciser thereon : — . 

To divide a given straight line internally and externally in medial 
section. 

To describe a square that shall be equal to a given rectilineal figure. 

To describe an isosceles triangle having each of the angles at the base 
double of the third angle. 

To inscribe a regular pentagon in a given circle. 

The squares on two sides of a triangle are together equal to twice the 
square on half the third side and twice the square on the median to that 
side. 

If A B C be a triangle, and A be joined to a point P of the base such 
that B P : P C = m : n, then n A B 2 + m A C 2 = (m + n) A P 2 + n 
BF + mP C 2 . 

• In a right-angled triangle the rectilineal figure described on the 
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the similar and similarly described figures 
on the two other sides. 

If the vertical angle of a triangle be bisected by a straight line which 
also cuts the base, the rectangle contained by the sides of the triangle is 
equal to the rectangle contained by the segments of the base, together with 
the square on the straight line which bisects the angle. 

If from the vertical angle of a triangle a straight line be drawn per- 
pendicular to the base, the rectangle contained by the sides of the triangle 
is equal to the rectangle contained by the perpendicular and the diameter 
of the circle described about the triangle. 

The rectangle contained by the diagonals of a quadrilateral inscribed 
in a circle is equal to the sum of the two rectangles contained by its 
opposite sides. 

Two similar polygons may be so placed that the lines adjoining cor- 
responding points are concurrent. 

If a straight line meet the sides B C, C A, A B, of a triangle ABC 
in D, E, F, respectively, then B D. C E. A F = D C. E A. F B, and con- 
versely. (Menelaus' Theorem.) 

If straight lines through the angular points A, B, C of a triangle are 
concurrent, and intersect the opposite sides in D, E, F, respectively, then 
B D. C E. A F = D C. E. A. F B, and conversely. (Ceva's Theorem.) 

If a point A lie on the polar of a point B with respect to a circle, then 
B lies on polar of A. 

Any straight line which passes through a fixed point is cut harmoni- 
cally by the point, any circle, and the polar of the point with respect to 
the circle. 

In a complete quadrilateral each diagonal is divided harmonically by 
the two other diagonals, and at the angular points through which it passes. 

C. — Elementary Analytical Geometry: Axes of co-ordinates. 
Position of a point in plane of reference. 

Transformation of co-ordinates — origin changed, or axes (rectangular) 
turned through a given angle. 



. 22 

±2A = x 1 (y 2 -y 8 ) + + .... 

Co-ordinates of point dividing line joining Pi(x u y t ) and P^ix^ y a ), in 

ratio m : n are 

mx 2 + nx L my 2 + ny x 

x = , y = 



m + n 

Equations of straight lines. 

x -x x jy -y t 

a b 

x - a y -b 



m + n 



Line denned by two points 
through which it passes. 



r. 



cos sin 6 
y = mx + b. 
y = m(x - a). 
x cos a + y sin a =p. 

eneral equationof 1st degree, Ax + By + C = 0, represents a straight 



Line defined by one point 
through which it passes, 
and by its direction. 



line. 

Any line through (a^, y x ) is 

If be angle between Ax + By + C = and A'x + B'y + C «■ 0, then 

n A'B-AB' 
t&ne =AA' + BB" 

Conditions of _L rity, A A' + ££' = 0. 

„ 'j- • * • ^ 5 
Condition ot I! ism, — r, = -57 . 

A B 

Distance from (a, b) to Ax + By + C = in direction whose direction 
cosines are (I, m), is 

_Aa+Bb + C 
At + ■/!,„ • 
_L r distance fronT(a, b) on Ax + ify + (7 = 0, is 

Aa + Bb + G 



Va 2 +b* 



The Circle — 

Equations in forms: 



as 2 + y 2 = r*. 
{x-af + (y-by = r*. 



x 2 + y 2 -2rx = 0. 



23 



General equation: x 2 + y 2 + 2Ax + 2By + C = 

or (x + A) 2 + (y + B) 2 = A 2 + B 2 -C 
represents a circle with centre (-A, - B) and radius V A 2 + B 2 -C. 
Tangent at (x, y) to x 2 + y 2 = r 2 is xx' + yy' = r* m 



x y 



Normal is — = — . 
x y 

Tangent in form y = mx±r \/\ + m\ 

Pole being (x\ y'), polar is xx' + yy = r 2 . 

If pole move along a line, polar turns about pole of that line. 

Square of tangent from (»', y') to x 2 + y 2 + 2 Ax + '2By -+ C = Q 

is x' 2 + y' 2 + 2 Ax' + 2%' + C. 

Radical axis of x* + y 2 + 2 Ax + 2By + C = 0, 

a 2 + 2/ 2 + 2^'a? + 2 J?V + C = 0. 

Easy exercises on the preceding propositions. 

One examination paper. 

Physics. 

1. Mechanics: Measurement of velocity; uniformly accelerated 
rectilinear motion; momentum; energy, force; metric units of force, 
work, energy, and power. Equilibrium of forces, acting at a point; 
triangle, parallelogram, and polygon of forces; parallel forces; principle 
of moments; centre of gravity; laws of friction; numerical examples. 

2. Properties of Matter: An experimental course illustrating the 
following topics : — transmutation of energy ; conservation of energy ; 
kinetic theory of matter; heat, a mode of motion; absolute temperature; 
mechanical equivalent of heat. 

Fluid pressure at a point; pressure on a horizontal plane, pressure 
on an- inclined plane, resultant vertical pressure and resultant hori- 
zontal pressure, when liquid is under air pressure and when it is not; 
transmission of pressure; Bramah press; calculations relating to the 
preceding. 

Note. — The examination problems based on the foregoing prescription 
in Mechanics and Properties of Matter, will be of a somewhat less difficult 
character than those hitherto set. 

The Flow op Fluids and Eelated Phenomena. — An experimental 
course defined as follows : definition of stream line ; definition of tube 
of flow; definition of steady motion; velocity of efflux from an orifice 
in a vessel containing water : — V 2 = 2gh (Torricelli's theorem) ; 



24 

pressure along a tube of flow given by f> + {pV 2 + g ph= a constant 
(Bernoulli's theorem); applications of Bernoulli^ • theorem to explain 
the principle of an atomiser, a bunsen filter pump, a steam injector, 
the curve of flight of a ball, the Venturi water meter. 

Surface Tension and Capillary Phenomena. — A simple experi- 
mental treatment of the following topics: Experiments showing the exis- 
tence of surface tension in liquids; the variation of surface tension with 
the liquid used; the effect of temperature on surface tension; measurement 
of surface tension of water and other liquids in grams per centimeter 
or ounces per inch; surface tension due to attractive forces between the 
molecules; surface tension dependent upon the nature of the surfaces 
in contact; surface energy measured by T X A where T is the value 
of the surface tension and A the area of the surface; surface energy a 
minimum; the rise and fall of liquids in capillary tubes, the spherical 
form assumed by small drops; dyeing, and filtration, shown to be illus- 
trations of the tendency of surface energy to be reduced to a minimum; 
pressure within a soap bubble. 

One examination paper. 

Chemistry. 

An experimental course defined as follows: — Chemistry of the Middle 
School reviewed and continued. Eeversible reactions. Chemical equili- 
brium. Eate of reaction and conditions that affect it (including cata- 
lysis). A study of the following elements and their most characteristic 
compounds, having regard to Mendelejeff's classification and to their 
most important economic and industrial applications, hydrogen, sodium, 
potassium, magnesium, zinc, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminium, car- 
bon, silicon, tin, lead, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, 
oxygen, sulphur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, iron, copper. 

One examination paper. 

Biology. 

Zoology. — Practical study of the external form of all types, and the 
dissection or the study of prepared specimens (or models), as specified 
below. Observational drawings are essential. An elementary knowledge 
of the chief functions of the body — nutrition, irritability, motility, ex- 
cretion, reproduction — and of the mode of life and the life history of 
the various types. Study of the principles of classification in any one 
group, and recognition of the commonest forms in all. 

The Frog. — Practical study of the external features; skeleton; visceral 
dissection ; central nervous system ; action of a typical muscle. 

Practical study of a cross-section for arrangement of organ systems. 
Observation of external features of development. 

The Fish.— Practical study of the external form; chief visceral 
organs; circulation and respiration; comparison with frog as to organs 
of locomotion, circulation, and respiration. 



25 

The Reptile. — Practical study of the external form of a snake and 
a turtle. Comparison with a lizard. 

The Bird. — Practical study of the external form, plumage, and 
skeleton of some common bird. Adaptations to flight. Modification of 
bill and foot, in so far as they are of value in distinguishing the different 
chief types. 

The Mammal. — Practical study of the chief features of the skeleton, 
the visceral organs, and the chief divisions of the brain of a rabbit or 
a cat. Major characteristics of mammalian dentition and foot structure, 
as illustrated by the pig, horse, sheep, rabbit, dog, mole, and bat. 

The Worm. — Practical study of the external features, and dissection 
of the earth-worm. Study of cross-section for arrangement of chief 
organ systems only. 

The Arthropod. — Practical study of the external form of the cray- 
fish, including segmentation and appendages. Comparison of the ex- 
ternal form of the crayfish, grasshopper (or cricket), millipede, and spider. 

The Mollusc. — Practical study of the external form, and mode of 
locomotion and respiration, of the fresh-water clam; comparison in these 
respects with the snail. 

The Protozoan. — A practical study of the living amoeba or 
paramcecium. 

Note. — Dissection of at least the Frog and the Earth-worm by the pupil 
will be required. In other cases, prepared specimens or models may be used. 
Cross-sections will be studied with the low power microscope. 

Botany. — General types of the great natural groups of plants; 
classification. 

Morphology. — Morphology of seed, root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit. 
A study of the cellular structure of the leaf and of the relative arrange- 
ment of the more important tissues and tissue-systems of the stem and 
root (as shown by sections) of bean and maize, or of any other typical 
dicotyledon and monocotyledon. 

Physiology. — Practical studies of absorption (osmosis), plasmolysis, 
transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration, irritability (e.g., heliotropism) , 
growth and movement. An elementary knowledge of the phenomena of 
fertilization and reproduction. 

Ecology. — Modifications of organs for special functions. Seed dis- 
persal. Light relations. Pollination and adaptations for cross-pollina- 
tion. Plant associations, e.g., mesophytes, hydrophytes, xerophytes. 



26 

Cryptogams. — The practical study of representatives of the chief sub- 
divisions of the cryptogams; spirogyra, chara, a mushroom, a lichen, 
a liverwort, a moss, a horsetail, a clubmoss, and a fern. Distribution 
and economic importance of yeasts and bacteria. Microscopic structure 
of the yeast cell; reproduction by budding. Microscopic observation of 
a bacterial colony. 

Phanerogams. — The practical study of representatives of the seed 
plants of the locality, including at least one member of each of the fol- 
lowing orders: Coniferae, Carophyllaceae, Eanunculaceae, Cruciferae, 
Eosaceae, Leguminosae, Sapindaceae, Umbelliferae, Ericaceae, Labiatae, 
Scrophulariaceae, Borraginaceae, Compositae, Gramineae (so far as the 
structure of the flower and stem is concerned), Liliaceae. 

Note. — As form becomes intelligible only in the light of a knowledge of 
function and adaptation, it is advisable that the physiological and ecological 
studies should be taken up in appropriate connection with the morphological. 
It is also to be emphasized that the making of faithful and neat records of 
observations is a most important adjunct. In many cases these should be 
expressed as drawings, but it should be borne in mind that drawing loses 
much of its value as an educative factor unless there be an insistence on 
absolute accuracy and the careful naming of all the features represented. 
Judgment should, therefore, be exercised in requiring no more than can toe 
done well. 



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